You can extract a list of part numbers from the Component Library very easily.
Open up Component Library. Open a Component Maintenance window. Click the search button to return a list of all the parts in the Library.
In the list of part numbers that is returned, Click Ctrl+A then Ctrl+C and paste the data directly into Excel. Note that it will take time to copy the data to the clipboard.
If you want to extract more information you will need to use an Excel Macro to read the XML file. There is an example Macro here: